Are you familiar with fluid dynamics? My father is a physicist and I often heard that term at home. I also went to a Mathematical/Physical High School where I learned about the movements of liquids and gases. Their behavior can be affected by pressure and temperature. Their velocity and density may vary. Some fluids, channeled through pathways, move in a steady and orderly way. Other fluid movements form turbulent torrents. Others are trickles over time, building up to fill a container, only to spill over and flow through the channels they find. Some behave in unexpected ways: I just learned that blood is a non-newtonian fluid, that is, an application of force makes it behave like a solid.
Do crowds move in fluid ways? I will describe three dates when I experienced Crowd Dynamics.
May 1st, 1980. May Day was always a beautiful day for a teenager in the Communist Poland. Any resentment resulting from having to attend the parade was offset by the weather. The harsh blow of the wind against our cheeks was changing to a softer touch. It was one of the first times in the year when you could wear your coat open and maybe put on the suede shoes you managed to find in a small town. The sun was out. The whole city was on holiday and transformed: the streets and bridges were cleaned, there were red flags on every building, and long banners spanned the facades, spelling unity with the Party. The trees cooperated by erupting in hazy green veils of buds. At corner kiosks, parents were buying miniature flags of stiff paper wrapped around balsa wood handles for their children. You could smell freshly dug earth from the tulips planted on lawns in shapes of hammers and sickles. Our sophomore class had spent the previous Sunday in the school gym hammering flat golden push pins to the tops of thick wooden sticks: attaching colorful handfuls of yard-long ribbons. As part of the parade, we had to perform a dance for the party members which involved waving the sticks around.
The long snake of unwilling celebrants was flowing very slowly through the main thoroughfare of my city. The avenue these days was named after a World War II hero. We had to read a book about him in grade school, called “About a Man who did not Bow to the Bullets” (I later found out that the reason the general did not avoid the bullets while sticking his head out of the encampments may have had something to do with him being continuously drunk). Our school’s group was stopping and starting, unavoidably approaching the main tribune, a multilevel plywood grandstand set out as seating for the Important Ones. I was thinking about how strangely ironic it was that what were genuine street demonstrations in the 19th century, with red flags symbolizing spilled worker’s blood, has transmogrified into an obligatory, orderly shuffle of citizens dreading the orchestrated cheer for their dear leaders.
We were almost there. Someone in front of me started the dance a little too early. I tried to catch up. In front of the reviewing stand, we ended up running around in circles, moving the beribboned batons to and fro. Obviously, we had not rehearsed enough. The embarrassment was quickly over, as we moved past the tribune, pushed by another group eager to show their stuff. At the last minute, still within the earshot, one of my friends, a self-described anti-communist, jumped up, waved his baton, and screamed “More light!” One of the dignitaries did a double take, but I doubt he understood that Goethe’s dying words, even if he knew that’s what this outpour was, were meant as a protest cry, a demand for more freedom of expression.
Sometime in early Spring of 1982. The light of Free Trade Union Solidarity came in August of 1980, burned for sixteen months and was snuffed out on December 13, 1981 with the introduction of Martial Law. Since the New Year, we had been hearing the underground murmuring: “Winter was yours, spring will be ours!”. It was a school morning and I took the tram, as usual. At the school stop, however, something looked different. Why was the sidewalk so crowded? When I came closer to the building I found out that all the students were outside. No one was being let inside because overnight some “anti-socialist elements” painted protest graffiti on the school walls. One of the signs was visible to the left of the entry stairs: at eye level, not sprayed, but delineated with a wide brush, were dripping, painted letters: Solidarnosc.
Opposite it, six hundred teenagers were teeming in a small park. Some of my friends sat down on their book bags thrown on the wet muddy grass and began to smoke. Suddenly, the door at the top of the wide flight of steps opened. A vice principal appeared on the top landing. He was in his late middle age, bald, and very fond of one shiny maroon polyester suit. He taught “Preparation to Life in a Socialist Family”, a subject which was a masterful combination of Marxism and birth control. To us, he personified the hated System.
He took a step down. By now, everyone was up. The crowd took a step back. He descended two more steps. We mirrored it and retreated further. He started walking down the stairs in earnest. At this moment, six hundred people turned around in unison and started running away. We pushed through the narrow pipeline of a street framed by five story walk-up apartment blocks from the 19th century, past the bakery where we stuffed ourselves with poppy seed stuffed buns, past the boutique that sold brown lace bras, past the travel agency with pictures of Bulgaria in the shop windows. Tumult and tangle, pressing forward, escaping. Feet stomping, my imitation leather yellow heeled winter boots on the cobble stones, tripping, book bags banging, sacks of shoes to change into lost and trampled.
Nobody looked back or slowed down until we spilled out onto Grunwald square, a non-space formed by the convergence of several avenues and holes made in the urban fabric by Allied bombing in the Second World War. At that point, we scattered. Some of us lit up again. I decided with my girlfriends to eat pastries at a cafe on the ground floor of one of the “toilet-scrapers”: tall buildings in a brutalist architectural style whose concrete window surrounds look like toilet bowls. We took the liberty to take the rest of the day off. The next morning, we saw the vice principal outside, painting over the letters in white wash. He traced the letter shapes, however, so now, instead of red Solidarity, we had a white Solidarity sign.
June 21, 1983. I did not know it then, but it was just a few days before I was to leave Poland forever. Pope John Paul II visited my home city. I was meeting Agnieszka, a friend from my university group, at one of the central squares. We had to walk to the horse racing arena on the outskirts, where a million people were gathering to hear Mass. We, as everyone else, wore white, in honor of the papal visit, and in honor of peace we needed. All morning, all over town, white figures in pairs or in small groups were incessantly moving through the veins of streets and alleys to a common destination. On the field, I was struck by the altar design: the enormous cross was really its own absence – its shape was formed by the empty space within a tall white box. Did a bird flow through it at some point, or is it just stuff of myths I want to remember? The Pope was late, but it was amazing how well-behaved the people were. We were so happy to see him! Later, instead of the people coming up to the altar to receive Holy Communion , priests set out into the crowd to distribute it. A million people kneeling in silence, a million people standing, holding up right arms, fingers stretched up in a peace sign (but for us it was a V for victory), singing the unofficial, banned anthem: “God, grant us back our free country”.
Filled with hope and good will, Agnieszka and I were returning to the city center on foot. So were the others. There was one main artery to take. A white river was peacefully flowing on it. Suddenly, with the sound I hate to this day, low-flying helicopters invaded our space with their deafening whirl. “Disperse! Disperse!” The militia had loudspeakers. Where could we disperse to? Agnieszka and I ducked into a nearby building entrance and waited it out. We did not see any, but blood was spilled that day. A body of a student beaten to death was found the next day in the river…
A little later, Angieszka and I said good-bye at the same square we started from. It was then called Dzierzynski square, after a blood-thirsty revolutionary. It is now renamed Dominican, after white habit-wearing monks from a nearby church.